Cervical Vertebrae share pin it Newsletters. Peer Reviewed. Cervical region. In: Chila A, ed. Foundations of Osteopathic Medicine. Hartman J. Anatomy and clinical significance of the uncinate process and uncovertebral joint: A comprehensive review. Clinical Anatomy. Editor's Top Picks. Health Information Sponsored. Unusual sizes in appearance of the FT were also documented.
Morphometry was established by using a digital caliper Whitworth - 0. Measurements were collected superiorly of the anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the main FT. Each diameter was measured three times to reduce intra-observer error. The average was then calculated. All p values that were less than 0. There were 82 Of the atypical cervical vertebrae, 9 7.
The various shapes of the FT were classified into groups viz. Types A-M. Type A was described as being round; Type B was elliptical with the largest anteroposterior diameter; Type C was elliptical with the largest transverse diameter; Type D was elliptical with a large oblique diameter from right to left; Type E was elliptical with a large oblique diameter from left to right; Type F was triangular; Type G was square; Type H was rectangular; Type I was kite-shaped; Type J was leaf shaped; Type K was a semicircle; Type L was irregularly shaped and Type M was termed double bubble incomplete double.
Figure 1 displays Types F-M which are unique to this study. Table I Incidence of cervical vertebrae vs. Table II Incidence of cervical vertebrae vs. Accessory FT were present in Table III displays unilateral variations in number, shape and laterality of the FT in typical and atypical cervical vertebrae.
Bilaterally, 7. Accessory FT were present in atypical cervical vertebrae in Table III Incidence of cervical vertebrae type vs. Incomplete single FT was found bilaterally in 2. This study found a unique variation on the right side which was a combination of incomplete double FT and single complete FT 2.
The p value of the vertebrae type vs. This value was also the same for the left side variation. Bilaterally, the accessory FT was seen posterior to the main FT in 4.
The bilateral posterolateral position can be viewed in figure 3. In atypical cervical vertebrae, 2. Bilaterally, in 2. The p value of the vertebra type vs. Table IV Incidence of vertebra type vs. Regarding asymmetry of the FT, the typical cervical vertebrae exhibited smaller FT on the right side in 2.
Asymmetrical FT was smaller on the atypical cervical vertebrae in 6. It was a Type M variation. The mean anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the right and left main FT of typical and atypical cervical vertebrae are found in Table V with their standard deviations. The vertebra type vs. The p value for the left side was 0. When a comparison was made between vertebra type and transverse diameter of the right main FT, a p value of 0.
For the left side, the p value was found to be 0. These comparisons were shape vs. Table V Vertebra type vs. The morphological analysis revealed that in the typical cervical vertebrae, the most common shape in the right and left FT was Type A, as it was found in This concurs with the results reported by Ramachandran et al.
On the right side of atypical cervical vertebrae, the most common shape in C1 was Type B 9. On the left side of the atypical cervical vertebrae, the most common shape in C1 was Type B and Type E which were equally found in 4. This means that there was a strong significance between the type of cervical vertebra and the shapes of the main FT found on their right and left sides.
This type of comparison was not considered by previous authors. In typical cervical vertebrae, the most common variation number, shape and laterality on the right side was the complete double FT bilateral and double bubble FT unilateral Table III which both occurred in 7. Yadav et al. On the left side, incomplete double FT unilateral 8.
The current study found a variation in number, shape and laterality of the FT, which has not previously been reported. It was a typical cervical vertebra 1.
In C7, incomplete double unilateral On the left side, incomplete single bilateral and complete double unilateral FT was most common in C1 2.
In C7 vertebrae, the most common variation on the left side was incomplete double bilateral 9. In typical cervical vertebrae, the position of accessory FT, on the right and left sides were most commonly found posterolateral bilateral to the main FT 7.
In atypical cervical vertebrae, on the right side, the accessory FT was most commonly found in C7 and the most common position of it was anteromedial unilateral to the main FT, as well as posteromedial bilateral 4. On the left side, the accessory FT was also predominantly found in C7 and it was posteromedial to the main FT 4. Kaya et al. The transverse process is comprised of an anterior part known as the costal process and a posterior part, termed the true transverse process Baylan, The FT exists by the formation of the transverse process whereby the costal element fuses to the body and the true transverse process Patra et al.
Different terminologies were used by many authors that reported varying number, shape and laterality of FT Akhtar et al. Studies have displayed three complete FT present on a vertebra, with one on one side and two on the other- these have been termed unilateral complete double accessory FT Murlimanju et al.
Murlimanju et al. Some studies also observed the presence of double FT on both sides of the cervical vertebrae - these are referred to as bilateral complete double accessory FT Sangari et al. Incomplete FT occur when the bone does not completely enclose the FT. The latter has a double bubble appearance Sabnis. Ramachandran et al. This may cause vascular insufficiency which leads to common symptoms like migraines, shoulder pain, neck pain or severity of cerebrovascular incidents Sultana et al.
This study aimed to investigate the morphology and morphometry of the FT in typical and atypical cervical vertebrae and to report on any variations thereof.
Osteometric investigations were performed on 82 typical and 44 atypical dried human cervical vertebrae which were obtained from the existing osteological bank at the Department of Clinical Anatomy, University of KwaZulu-Natal. Metric as well as non-metric parameters were analyzed and a database was created.
Vertebrae with damaged or broken FT were excluded, whilst vertebrae with the bilateral presence of FT were included. Age and sex were not documented. For those that did not fit into the criteria, they were classified as type FM for ease of reference and then checked by a second observer for confirmation.
Variations, regarding laterality in number and shape of FT, were documented. The larger FT were taken as the main, while the smaller were accepted as the accessory FT Dofe et al. The position of the accessory FT on each side in relation to the main FT were recorded. Unusual sizes in appearance of the FT were also documented.
Morphometry was established by using a digital caliper Whitworth - 0. Measurements were collected superiorly of the anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the main FT. Each diameter was measured three times to reduce intra-observer error.
The average was then calculated. All p values that were less than 0. There were 82 Of the atypical cervical vertebrae, 9 7. The various shapes of the FT were classified into groups viz.
Types A-M. Type A was described as being round; Type B was elliptical with the largest anteroposterior diameter; Type C was elliptical with the largest transverse diameter; Type D was elliptical with a large oblique diameter from right to left; Type E was elliptical with a large oblique diameter from left to right; Type F was triangular; Type G was square; Type H was rectangular; Type I was kite-shaped; Type J was leaf shaped; Type K was a semicircle; Type L was irregularly shaped and Type M was termed double bubble incomplete double.
Figure 1 displays Types F-M which are unique to this study. Accessory FT were present in Table III displays unilateral variations in number, shape and laterality of the FT in typical and atypical cervical vertebrae. Bilaterally, 7. Accessory FT were present in atypical cervical vertebrae in Incomplete single FT was found bilaterally in 2.
This study found a unique variation on the right side which was a combination of incomplete double FT and single complete FT 2. The p value of the vertebrae type vs. This value was also the same for the left side variation. Bilaterally, the accessory FT was seen posterior to the main FT in 4. The bilateral posterolateral position can be viewed in figure 3. In atypical cervical vertebrae, 2. Bilaterally, in 2. The p value of the vertebra type vs.
Regarding asymmetry of the FT, the typical cervical vertebrae exhibited smaller FT on the right side in 2. Asymmetrical FT was smaller on the atypical cervical vertebrae in 6. It was a Type M variation. The mean anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the right and left main FT of typical and atypical cervical vertebrae are found in Table V with their standard deviations.
The vertebra type vs. The p value for the left side was 0. When a comparison was made between vertebra type and transverse diameter of the right main FT, a p value of 0. For the left side, the p value was found to be 0. These comparisons were shape vs. The morphological analysis revealed that in the typical cervical vertebrae, the most common shape in the right and left FT was Type A, as it was found in This concurs with the results reported by Ramachandran et al.
On the right side of atypical cervical vertebrae, the most common shape in C1 was Type B 9. On the left side of the atypical cervical vertebrae, the most common shape in C1 was Type B and Type E which were equally found in 4. This means that there was a strong significance between the type of cervical vertebra and the shapes of the main FT found on their right and left sides.
This type of comparison was not considered by previous authors.
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